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1. Flexible mechanisms

   A key feature of the Kyoto Protocol is the creation of the flexible mechanisms, namely the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint implementation (JI), and International Emissions Trading (IET). Parties from Annex 1 countries which have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, regardless of emissions reductions commitments, are permitted to utilise one or more of these mechanisms.

2. Forward Action Request (FAR)

   The FAR is a request made by the DOE during validation. It is used to highlight issues related to project implementation that require review during the first verification of the project activity. FARs must be reported on in the validation report.

3. Framework Risk

   Risk Category associated with completion of the applicable regulatory cycle, including final emission reductions issuance.

4. Fuel Switching

   The process of moving from a higher carbon content fuel, such as coal, to a lower carbon content fuel, such as natural gas, in power generation and industrial process for purposes of reducing carbon emissions.